The Trattnerhof
On 27 May 1773, the publisher and printer
Johann Thomas von Trattner was granted permission by the City Council of Vienna to tear down five medieval buildings and the so-called
Freysingerhof on the
Graben and replace them with a huge tenant-occupied building which was to be located between the Graben and the
Goldschmiedgasse. In March 1773, Trattner had bought the Freysingerhof and the adjoining houses for an overall sum of 60,000 gulden.
Salomon Kleiner's "Prospect deß Grabens" from 1725 (Wien Museum, I.N. 105765/46). The slightly set back building on the right is the Freysingerhof, on the far right is the "Elefantenhaus". The cupola is that of St. Peter's Church.
The Freysingerhof on the Graben with St. George's Chapel in 1720
The Freysingerhof on the 1710 Steinhausen map. St. Peter's Church is at the bottom right.
Trattner's application to the Vienna City Council to get the permission to build the Trattnerhof. This application was presented to the council on 8 May 1773. An on-site inspection in the presence of eight owners of adjoining houses took place on 15 May 1773 at 8 a.m. (A-Wsa, Alte Registratur, Bericht 241/1773).
The most significant passage in the "Bauconsens" (building permit) of the Vienna City Council which was granted on 27 May 1773: "Gracious Gentlemen! Since it turns out that the new building will be regularly erected, as far as the inner structure and the arrangement of the apartments are concerned: we have therefore – regarding the enclosed report B. of the Ober- and the Unterkammeramt – granted the requested building permit to Herr von Trattner for the time being." (A-Wsa, Alte Registratur, Bericht 241/1773)
Peter Mollner's original 1773 design of the Trattnerhof's facade, the entrances still without atlantes and the roof with vases instead of statues. (A-SPnl, Hofresolutionen in publicis, 1770 Oktober Nr. 3)
The architect Peter Mollner's seal and signature from 1795 (A-Wsa, Herrschaft Kloster Himmelpforte, 2.1.1.110.A1, 383)
Trattner's architect
Peter Mollner designed a six-storeyed building with an irregular groundplan which was finished in 1776. The building had four staircases, five small atriums and three yards, two of which were directly accessible through four entrances. The two doors facing the Graben were both flanked by two huge atlantes by Tobias Kögler who also made the ten statues and the eagle which adorned the eaves. The maximum length of the building was 78,86 m, its maximum width between thr Graben and the Goldschmiedgasse was 54,66 m. The overall cost of building the Trattnerhof amounted to 389,015 gulden and 7 kreuzer. After Trattner's death in 1798, the building's value was still estimated at 370,000 gulden.
A (never before published) copy of the original design of the Trattnerhof's facade, drawn in 1809 by the engineer Joseph Dietrich, on the occasion of a new roofing. The green shutters and the sculptures on the roof were removed in the nineteenth century (A-Wsa, Handschriften A 326).
The first entrance of the Trattnerhof at Graben 29 in 1910 with two of Kögler's atlantes, of which the right legendarily had his back turned towards the street (A-Wn, ST 2911F). These two atlantes are today held by the Wien Museum (I. N. 117160/1-2).
The same entrance on a watercolor by Franz Kopallik from 1911 (Wien Museum, I. N. 34847/4). The wrought-iron railing of the balcony over the entrance is covered by an advertising banner (the original railing is shown on a photograph below).
Each of the five stories above the ground floor originally consisted of nine apartments which were accessible via four stairwells. The annual rents of these apartments in 1788 ranged between 1,000 (the landlord's apartment with ten rooms on the second floor) and 100 gulden (one room and a cabinet on the sixth floor). The generally small apartments served the purpose of maximizing the rental revenue and soon after the Trattnerhof's completion tenants started to complain that the individual rooms were too small. One of the main problems which was caused by the building's location was the apartments' unsatisfactory supply with daylight. This was one of the reasons why the old Freysingerhof had had much bigger yards and why in 1911 the Trattnerhof was replaced with two buildings which today are
separated by a street named "Trattnerhof".
A previously unpublished elevation of the Trattnerhof, showing the two double basements, the three yards and the relative heights of the stories. This plan was drawn in 1826 by Johann Langsteiner (A-Wsa, Handschriften A 326).
A previously unpublished plan of the Trattnerhof's ground floor (as seen from the Graben), showing the chapel, the "Gewölbe" (shops), stables, carriage sheds, two fountains, the sewage pipes and the four stairwells ("Stiegen"). The small "Stall=Hof" (stable yard) in the right wing was accessible through a ground floor passage from the second yard. This plan was drawn in 1777 by Peter Mollner's foreman Johann Michael Anthofer. The numerous handwritten notes originate from nineteenth-century modifications. Mollner's original 1773 design did not have the rectangular recess on the upper right towards the Goldschmiedgasse (A-Wsa, Handschriften A 326).
Between 1777 and the completion of the "
Bürgerspital-Zinshaus" in 1790, the Trattnerhof was the largest privately owned building in Vienna's inner city. According to the 1788 tax register, the annual rental revenue of the Trattnerhof amounted to 27,957 gulden 30 kreuzer. The architect of the building, Peter Mollner, also lived in the Trattnerhof. For 260 gulden a year he rented apartment No. 3 on the fifth floor which was located between the two bigger yards and was accessible via the first stairwell. When Mollner's daughter Anna Maria got married in 1791, she submitted the following certificate of residence signed by her father and his landlord.
Peter Mollner, certifying that his daughter Anna Maria lives with him, and Trattner attesting that Mollner has been his tenant for several years: "Daß dießes obige Attestat der wohledle Herr Peter Mollner bürgl: Baumeister viele Jahre in meinem Freÿhof N° 591 a 596 in der Stadt, im 4ten Stok. N° 3 wohnt, bezeuge hiemit. Wien d[en] 7 Merz 791 Johann Thomas Edler von TrattnernMp Innhober des Freÿhofs." That Trattner always signed himself as "Innhober" reflects on his Hungarian ancestry and his speaking accent (A-Wstm, VKA SP, 22/1791).
A view of the Graben by Carl Schütz towards north-west from 1782. On the left is the Palais Bartolotti-Partenfeld, on the right is the Trattnerhof (Wien Museum, I.N. 14202).
A view of the Graben towards south-east from before 1866. The tall building on the left is the Trattnerhof. In the background is the "Elefantenhaus" No. 619 which was demolished in 1866.
Mozart's Apartment in the Trattnerhof
Mozart moved into the Trattnerhof in January 1784. The description of his apartment in the Mozart literature is mostly a jumble of fantastic musings of which Günther Bauer's speculations provide a typical example. In his book
Mozart. Geld, Ruhm und Ehre, Bauer fantasizes about "two spacious rooms" where Mozart "gave house concerts, receptions and dinners" and these "two big rooms resembling a furniture store". In his unbound enthusiasm, Bauer claims that in this apartment Mozart had "his Walter piano, his big desk, a broad working desk for his copyist, a table for eight people and a cabinet for glass, china and silver". Needless to say that Bauer is unable to explain where Mozart kept the "voluminous birth chair" which – according to Bauer's unbridled imagination – Constanze Mozart, in September 1784, absolutely needed to give birth to her son Karl Thomas. Had Bauer known anything about the costs of housing in Mozart's Vienna, he would have realized that for an annual 130 gulden one could not rent a large apartment right in the center of the city. Going one better, Gernot Gruber's
Mozart-Lexikon (
Laaber-Verlag, 2006, p. 897) even claims that Mozart's apartment had "four rooms, two small rooms and side rooms". Using the resurfaced plans of the Trattnerhof and the 1788 tax register Mozart's apartment is easy to identify. On 10 February 1784 Mozart told his father his exact address:
ich habe schon 3 briefe aus unterschiedlichen ländern richtig erhalten. Nur ‒ im trattnerischen Hause; 2:te Stiege. im 3.t Stock ‒
I already received 3 letters correctly from different countries. Only ‒ in Trattner's house; 2nd stairwell. on the 3th floor ‒
On the third floor (the fourth according to the North American scheme) four apartments were accessible from the second staircase which was located in the right wing of the building: Nos. 2, 3, 4 and 6 (of which the last could also be entered from the third staircase).
The fourth floor ("3ter Stock") of the Trattnerhof's right (south-east) wing with the second stairwell ("2te Stiege") in the foreground. The numbering of the apartments on the plan corresponds with the numbers in the 1788 municipal tax register. The area seen here had no outside windows, because up to the third floor it was completely surrounded by the five adjacent smaller buildings Nos. 597-600 and 541 (A-Wsa, Handschriften A 326).
We also know exactly the amount of rent that Mozart had to pay in the Trattnerhof. During the work on her 1952 book about Trattner,
Hermine Cloeter (1879–1970) had access to several privately held sources related to the construction and the tenants of the Trattnerhof. Among those records was volume III of the Trattnerhof rental ledgers which contains Mozart's name. Cloeter published the entry concerning the composer's apartment which is only partially quoted in
Deutsch's edition of the
Dokumente. Cloeter's "transcription" of the Mozart entry in the 1784 records looks as follows.
One does not even need to have seen the original to realize that this "transcription" is a mere sketch of what is written in volume III (1782-90) of the Trattnerhof "Zinsbücher" (rental ledgers). Cloeter's version of the document gives rise to the presumption that she merely based her work on handwritten excerpts that the owner of those books, Franz von Mayr-Melnhof, had given her. The problems with Cloeter's edition are the following:
- The header of the entry is missing completely. It reads "3ter Stock, Wohnung No 4 auf der 2ten Stiege. Bestehet in 2. Zimmern und 3. Fenstern und Küche, in Stallhof, Retirade, Holzgewölb, Keller und Boden No 22." Also missing is the note "Hiezu gehören Requisiten 1. Glockenzug beÿm Eingang".
- The name sequence in the original certainly is "Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart". "Hat zu zahlen" (has to pay) is not just two words in a sentence, but another header of a separate column in a table on the left side of a double page entry.
- "Beleuchtungsbeitrag" is a term that did not exist in 1784 Vienna. It is obviously an arbitrary rephrasing of the original word "Lanterngeld" (lighting fee).
- The list of due payments cannot be correct, because it contains a discount of ten gulden which cannot be an item on a list of addenda. The obligatory final total of Mozart's payments is also missing.
- The complete second page of the entry is missing. It contains the corresponding list of items titled "Hat gezahlt." (has paid). Cloeter (or her assistant) obviously did not understand the two-page layout of the entries in the rental records.
- The passage "Wird künftig logieren Nro 816 im Kamesinischen Haus" in the note is flawed. Correct is "logiren" and "Nro 846".
The actual layout of the entries in the rental records (which followed a preprinted design called "Freyhof Zinsbuch") looks like this:
The entry in vol. V (1799–1811) of the Trattnerhof "Zinsbücher" concerning the letting of Mozart's former apartment to the French cook Jean Guihen Dunant in 1799. On the left are the dues, on the right the payments (A-Wsa, Handschriften A 325/1, p. 127f.).
Because the landlord granted a biannual discount of ten gulden, the annual rent of Mozart's apartment in the Trattnerhof was only 130 gulden. This amount was not raised until 1789. Thus it is easy to identify the apartment in the 1787/88 tax register (the so-called "Josephinische Steuerfassion"). Mozart's apartment in the "3ter Stock" (fourth floor) was number four of which the entry in the 1788 tax register reads as follows:
4: 2: Zimmer, und eine Küche. Karl Bandt – " 130 " –
Karl Bandt, who in 1788 lived in Mozart's former apartment, was a "bürgerlicher Schneidermeister" (civil master tailor). By 1799 he had already moved up to the Trattnerhof's fifth floor into the bigger apartment No. 14 whose location corresponded with No. 6 on the third floor.
The first seven apartments on the "3ter Stock" (fourth floor) of the Trattnerhof in the 1788 tax register. Apartment No. 4 at 130 gulden a year had been Mozart's residence in 1784. (A-Wsa, Steueramt B34/3, fol. 463)
Here is a bigger picture of Mozart's apartment in the Trattnerhof which consisted of two small rooms, a kitchen and a bathroom (Mozart's cellar and attic compartments No. 22 were located towards the Goldschmiedgasse in the Trattnerhof's right wing).
The plan of Mozart's three-room apartment on the third (fourth) floor of the Trattnerhof between the "Stall Hof" (stable yard) and the firewall towards the lower house Stadt No. 598 (on the right) which faced the Schlossergassel.
It is immediately obvious why Mozart's apartment only cost 130 gulden a year. It was one of the smallest in the building and with its three windows, only facing north-west towards the small "Stall Hof" (which had a size of only 6,74 x 12,06 m), it also must have been one of the darkest quarters in the Trattnerhof. Furthermore, it was certainly affected by the noise and the smell from the stables on the ground floor. The only advantage it might have had was that it was easy to heat because of its embedded location in the building. Due to the somehow cramped architectural situation within the far right area of the Trattnerhof Mozart's apartment had to be accessed on an outdoor arcade (called "
Pawlatsche" in Vienna, visible on the plan at the bottom end of the yard) along the wall on the narrow side of the stable yard. It is possible that this arcade was glazed. There was a bell pull at the staircase whose string ran along this arcade, leading to Mozart's apartment door. Mozart's rooms had the following sizes:
- Kitchen: 12, 87 m²
- First room: 19,15 m²
- Second room: 25,35 m²
- Bathroom: 1,39 m²
- Window niches and doorways: 2,33 m²
The overall floor area of Mozart's apartment was 61,09 m², the height of the rooms on the fourth floor was 3,73 meters. As can be seen on the map, the two ovens could conveniently be fired from behind, from a niche in the wall, accessible through a concealed door. Mozart's maid – who is mentioned in Mozart's aforesaid letter to his father – had to sleep in the kitchen. Mozart had absolutely no space and no reason to give house concerts in his small living room, as long as he had the hall in the Trattnerhof and Trattner's luxurious apartment at his disposal. It seems unlikely that he even had his piano transported back to his apartment between his concerts in March 1784.
In April 1801, the Swabian dancing teacher Johann Stoppel and his family moved from apartment No. 4 on the second floor of the Trattnerhof into Mozart's former apartment. Since Stoppel on 30 April 1803 died in this very apartment, the list of his belongings in his "Sperrs-Relation" (probate file) provides an interesting look on how much furniture was put into Mozart's apartment.
The list of Johann Stoppel's belongings in his probate records. On the bottom left is the signature of his widow Helena Stoppel (A-Wsa, Mag. ZG, A2, 2242/1803).
Stoppel's furniture consisted of "the conjugal beds, a wicker canapé, two hardwood tables, six chairs, a drawer cabinet, a mirror in a gilded frame, a pearl chandelier, two muslin curtains, two paintings, six china plates, some coffee dishes and the usual kitchen furnishings".
Mozart's way of life in 1784 was extremely modest and economical. He cut down on expenses for housing space, because his interest and the lion's share of his financial clout were focused on the venue that was much more important to him than his living quarters: the house chapel in the Trattnerhof that had been remodelled into a concert hall.
The Chapel in the Trattnerhof
Because the old Freysingerhof had contained a chapel dedicated to St. George, Trattner felt obligated to fit the new building with a chapel as well. The new church was located on the north-western side of the Trattnerhof, wedged between the first yard and a back side corner of the house Am Peter No. 549 (which since 1761 had been owned by a son of
Count Joseph Anton Gabaleon von Wackerbarth-Salmour). Owing to the cramped architectural situation (which made this part of the building badly suited for apartments in the first place), the chapel's apse had no windows. The narrow space between the apse and the adjacent building was used for a windowless sacristy and a small atrium ("Kapellen
=Höfel") with a fountain. The chapel could be entered through the first yard ("1
ter Hof") where two windows were located. Its overall height comprised three stories which amounted to 12,62 meters (more than two Viennese
Klafter per story).
The groundplan of the chapel in the Trattnerhof with a scale of Viennese Klafter (1,8965 meters, i.e. "Wiener=Maßstab") (in black) copied into it. The inserted red line marks the length of ten feet. (A-Wsa, Handschriften A 326)
The chapel's floor area had an overall size of 86,9 m² (the nave measuring 10,72 x 7,19 m plus the semicircular apse covering 9,82 m², not counting the door areas and the rectangular niche right of the main altar). Work on the sacral furnishing of the chapel was begun in 1777. The sculptor Tobias Kögler also contributed to the decoration of the church, and "an organ without pedal" for 300 gulden was commissioned from the Viennese organ builder Jacob Wiest (1720–1788), who utilized parts of "the old positive which had been preserved from the earlier St. George's church" ("wozu das alte Positiv von der ehemaligen St. Georgii
=Kirchen noch aufgehoben worden"). The chapel was also supplied with three chandeliers. The most important contemporary description of the artworks on the three altars in the chapel is provided by the
Realzeitung which, on 25 November 1777, published the following note:
Künste.
Herr Anton Maulpersch K.K. Akademierath hat bereits für die v. Trattnerische Hauskapelle das Hochaltarblatt verfertiget. Dieses Gemälde stellt den heiligen Georg vor. Die Erfindung ist nicht nach dem gemeinen Stil. Erhabenheit in Gedanken, Kühnheit im Pinsel verrathen einen Künstler, der sich vorlängst über das Mittelmäßige hinaufgeschwungen hat. Schon viele von seiner Meisterhand verfertigte berühmte Stücke führen das Wort für ihn. Seine schönen Arbeiten werden von grossen Künstlern geschätzt und selbst von Unkennern gefühlet.
In eben diese Kapelle hat Herr Felix Leicher ein Seitenaltarblatt, die heilige Theresia vorstellend, verfertiget. Die Zusammensetzung sowohl als das Kolorit entdecken uns an diesem Künstler einen glücklichen Schüler des Herrn Maulpersch.
Herr Hubert Maurer, welcher in diese Kapelle ein Seitenaltarblatt, das den heiligen Thomas vorstellt, verfertiget hat, zeigt in der Gruppe sowohl, als im Faltenbruch und Kolorit, daß er während seines Aufenthalts in Rom die göttlichen Meisterstücke eines Raphaels und Coreggio genützt hat. Dieser Künstler verspricht Deutschland Ehre, da er sowohl in Historienstücken, als in Bildnissen seine Stärke zeiget.
[translation:]
The Arts.
Mr. Anton Maulbertsch I. & R. Academy Councilor has already made the painting for the high altar of Mr. von Trattner's house chapel. This painting shows St. George. The invention is not in the ordinary style. Sublimity of thought and audacity of streak reveal an artist who for a long time has been soaring above the mediocre. Many famous pieces from his masterful hand speak in his favor. His beautiful works are estimated by artists and recognized by dilettantes.
For this very chapel Mr. Felix Leicher has made a painting for a side altar showing St. Theresia. The composition as well as the colors reveal a very accomplished pupil of Mr. Maulbertsch's.
Mr. Hubert Maurer, who for this chapel did a painting of St. Thomas for the side altar, shows in the arrangement of the folds and the colors in this group that during his stay in Rome he has made use of the divine masterpieces of Raphael and Correggio. This artist promises to bring Germany honor, since he is very accomplished in history paintings as well as in portraits.
Maulbertsch and his colleagues
Felix Ivo Leicher (1727–1812), and
Hubert Maurer (1738–1818) also worked together on other occasions, for instance in the Piarist churches of
Maria Treu and
St. Thekla. The subjects on the altarpieces were of course chosen after the old chapel (originating from
St. George Church in Freising), and the patron saints of Trattner and his second wife Maria Theresia, née Nagel (a goddaughter of
Maria Theresia whom Trattner had married on 15 September 1776). According to the original summary account book, Maulbertsch received 350 gulden for the altar piece. Maurer was paid 300 fl. for his St. Thomas (plus 17 fl 4 x for a small John of Nepomuk) and Leicher (mistranscribed from her own notes as "R. Leipert" by Cloeter) received a fee of 200 gulden. According to a description in Johann Michael Sattler's book
Lebensgeschichte des Hubert Maurer, Maurer's painting of St. Thomas showed the saint touching the wounds of Christ surrounded by four other apostles.
Maurer's painting of St. Thomas appearing as "Seitenaltarblatt für Hr. von Trattner" in the list of works in Johann Michael Sattler's Lebensgeschichte des Hubert Maurer (Vienna: Im Schrämblischen Bücherverlage, 1819). Sattler was Maurer's pupil and subtenant. In 1816, he married Maurer's former maidservant and universal heiress Anna Maria Kittenberger.
It is not known what became of the three altar pieces when the church was eventually closed. In 1963, a
small sketch for the painting of St. George was discovered which today is held by the Wien Museum. The new chapel in the Trattnerhof was solemnly consecrated and opened on 13 May 1778. Three days later, the supplement of the
Wiener=Diarium published the following report (which also appeared in vol. 14 of Trattner's
Wiener Lekturkabinets-Nachrichten).
After the Knight of the Holy Roman Empire, the I. & R. court printer and bookseller Johann Thomas Edler von Trattnern has erected a completely new building on the location of the Freysing Freyhof and five adjacent buildings on the Graben, yet built anew the ancient and sacred St. George Church on the other side of the building and has likewise completed its internal decoration: thus on the 13th of the current month of May, which is the most joyful birthday of her gloriously ruling Imperial and Royal apostolic Majesty, our most gracious ruler, the solemn consecration of this church has taken place with the permission of his princely eminence Cardinal von Migazzi as Prince-Archbishop of Vienna. His episcopal Grace, the most honorable and noble Anton Martin von Stegner, bishop in Koryce in partibus [infidelium], knight of the Hungarian kingdom, lord capitular of the Viennese archbishopric, cantor, his princely eminence suffragan and vicar general in Pontificalibus etc. carried out this ceremony with all the customs required by the Roman Pontifical. As it had been the case for many centuries earlier, the high altar was dedicated to the holy martyr George, the altar on the Gospel [left] side on the other hand to the holy virgin Theresia and the one on the opposite Epistle side was consecrated to the honor of the holy apostle Thomas. After the consecration ceremonies were completed and the Te Deum had been sung with the sound of trumpets and tympanies, the first solemn High Mass with instrumental and vocal music was celebrated by the most venerable, high and most noble Count of the Holy Roman Empire Edmund Maria von Arzt und Vassegg, Doctor of Theology, dean of the archbishopric of St. Stephen's and insulated prelate, dean of Kürnberg and chancellor of the local ancient and widely famous university, etc. In the afternoon at four o'clock however a speech, which was most appropriate for the subject, was held by the venerable curate and beneficiate at St. Peter's, Andreas Folth, after which the venerable Ferdinand Anton Wolf, curate of the archiepiscopal Curia of St. Stephen's, held the musical vesper, followed by a musical Laurentian litany with two Holy Blessings for the uplifting of the many attendants.
The house chapel in the Trattnerhof served its sacral purpose not even for five full years. In February 1783, it was disbanded in accordance with a decree of Emperor
Joseph II whose main motive for closing down private churches was not his aversity to religious practice, but his conviction that "everyday life, going in the vicinity of a church, where a service is being held, would be impious", and that "the rich would only visit their own chapels and not publicly attend mass". The most significant immediate architectural modificationof the chapel concerned the ground floor. The 1788 tax register (A-Wsa, Steueramt B34/3, fol. 472) shows that a ceiling was inserted above the first floor of the chapel, reducing the height of the venue by a third from 12,62 m to 8,40 m, and the new rooms were used by the landlord as storage space for French books and paper:
The entry in the Josephinische Steuerfassion concerning the former (A-Wsa, Steueramt B34/3, fol. 472) "St: Georgikirche" in the Trattnerhof. Relying on outdated sources, Strömmer (2002) mistakenly claims that the original chapel was only two storeys high (Elisabeth Strömmer: "Musiker und Entrepreneur. Mozarts Logis im 'Trattnerhof' 1784". Wiener Figaro 2002/2, Vienna: Mozartgemeinde Wien, p. 9)
Zu ebener Erde
fernere Gewelbe im 1ten Hof
Nota folgende 2: Gewelbe
sind nach der Zeit aus der
St: Georgikirche erbaut worden
57) " 130 "–
58) Hausinnhaber, französisches Bücher=
lager, und Papierniederlage diese " 130 "–
zween Gewelbe sind derweilen
vereiniget.
[translation:]
On the first floor
the following commercial premises in the 1st yard
over time have been built
out of St. George's Church.
57) " 130 "–
58) The house owner, storage room
for French books and paper these " 130 "–
two rooms are combined
for the time being.
Although the description given by Cloeter is quite clear, the information in the Mozart literature as to where exactly the concert hall in the Trattnerhof was located, is still a mixture of guesswork and ignorance. A typical recent example is Walther Brauneis's partly plagiarized article "Mozart: In und vor der Stadt" in the journal Wiener Geschichtsblätter (2/2012). Being completely unaware of the most important sources concerning the Trattnerhof, Brauneis mentions Mozart's apartment only in passing and claims that "Mozart's concerts took place in the profaned St. George's chapel". Of course, there is absolutely no proof to support Brauneis's additional presumption that "it may have been Mozart himself who suggested that the landlord should turn the unused chapel room[sic] into a multi-purpose hall". In my opinion, it was unthinkable to use the whole chapel room as a concert hall. If the hall had been located on the ground floor, the lack of heating would have posed a huge problem and the audience would simply have carried too much dirt into the premise. This is the reason why there was no ground floor concert hall in Mozart's Vienna. Ernest von Fillenbaum's apartment, the hall on the first floor, and the adjoining rooms (four rooms and "3 Kabineten") are documented in the municipal 1787/88 tax register (A-Wsa, Steueramt B34/3, fol. 461) as follows:
[Wohnungen in 1ten Stock] [...]
7: 6: Zimmer, 1: Speis, und Küche. Ernest
Edler v: Fillenbaum " 450 "–
Nota. Hirvon besitzt der Hausinn=
haber 1: Zimmer pr " 100 "–
8: 4: Zimmer, und eine Küche. Ernest
Edler v: Fillenbaum " 400 "–
9: 1: Saal mit 3: Kabineten. Ernest Edler
v: Fillenbaum " 600 "–
[translation:]
[apartments on the 2nd floor] [...]
7: 6 rooms, a larder, and a kitchen. Ernest
Edler v: Fillenbaum " 450 "–
Note. One of these rooms belongs
to the landlord for " 100 "–
8: 4 rooms and a kitchen. Ernest
Edler v: Fillenbaum " 400 "–
9: a hall with 3 small rooms. Ernest Edler
v: Fillenbaum " 600 "–
The above entry of course describes the situation after Ernest von Fillenbaum in 1784 had established his casino in the premises that four years earlier had served as a venue for Mozart's subscription concerts. Let me return to the original architectural situation of the chapel and its modifications which are well documented on the plans of the Trattnerhof. The rental ledgers show that by 1799, the former ground floor of the chapel had already been converted from a storage room into the seating area of an inn. This modification can be seen on a later addition to the original plan.
The plan of the ground floor of the chapel in the Trattnerhof with a the additional plan of its modification on the lower left. (A-Wsa, Handschriften A 326)
Most of the ground floor of the chapel was replaced with a room whose additional layout is glued to the lower left corner of the plan, bearing the inscription: "Einst Kapelle ist nun Gasthaus." ("Formerly a chapel, is now an inn."). The apse was torn down and replaced with a wall (in pink color on the plan) that had three windows towards the narrow atrium. An oven was put into the main room and the small room beside the chapel was modified into a kitchen with a hearth.
The plan of the second floor of the chapel in the Trattnerhof with a the additional plan of its modification on the lower left. The "4te Stiege" which provided access to the hall is visible at the top. At the bottom right (bearing the number 1) is a part of Trattner's apartment (A-Wsa, Handschriften A 326).
The plan of the second floor shows a similar situation: the modification of the bottom half of the former concert hall is documented on the additional layout on the lower left which is inscribed "Einst: Kapelle ist nun Wohnung." ("Once a chapel, is now an apartment."). Visible along the apse are still traces of red sealing wax which at some time was obviously used to glue the plan of the modification over the chapel's outline. The three adjoing rooms marked "Oratorium" (oratory) served as parts of the Casino that was established in 1784. Because the new ceiling had separated the "zween Gewölbe" ("two storage rooms") on the ground from the remaining two thirds of the space of the former chapel in the second
and third floor, the concert hall had now to be accessed from the Goldschmiedgasse on the back
side of the building via the "4te Stiege" (the fourth staircase). Since its height comprised three floors, the chapel does not appear of the plan of the fourth floor (where Mozart's apartment was located).
Mozart's Subscription Concerts in the Trattnerhof
According to vol. III of the Trattnerhof Zinsbücher, Mozart and his colleague, the pianist Georg Friedrich Richter, in 1784 rented the hall for half a year. Hermine Cloeter does not provide a full transcription of the entry in the records concerning Mozart and Richter, and the information she provides in her book is slightly vague.
Mozart ist die Miete für den Saal gemeinsam mit dem Klavierspieler Georg Friedrich Richter eingegangen, heißt es doch Im Zinsbuch: "Georg Friedrich Richter et Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, frstl. Salzburg. Kapellmeister." Als halbjährlich zu zahlen werden 550 fl. festgelegt. Da der Saal das erste Halbjahr leergestanden, wird diese Summe als Abzugspost geführt, der jährliche Bestandzins mit fl. 1100 eingesetzt. Die nächsten Berechnungsziffern unterm 24. Jänner 1784 scheinen sich auf Richter, den Mietpartner Mozarts zu beziehen. Dann aber steht: "20te do Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart für ebenfalls in dieser Fastenzeit gehaltene 3 musikalische Academien 9 oest. Dukaten id est 38 fl. 42 Kreuzer für die übriggebliebene Zeit wird der Zins abgeschrieben 433 fl. 54 kr."
Mozart contracted the tenancy of the hall together with the pianist Georg Friedrich Richter, because the rental ledger states: "Georg Friedrich Richter et Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, princely capellmeister from Salzburg." 550 florins were set as semiannual payment. Since the hall had not been used in the first half of the year, this sum is listed as deductible item and the annual rent is noted as 1,100 florins. The next numbers of the calculation, dated 24 January 1784, seem to refer to Richter, Mozart's joint tenant. Then the entry notes: "20th ditto Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart for three musical academies likewise given this lent 9 Austrian Ducats which are 38 florins 42 kreuzer. For the remaining time the rent of 433 florins 54 kreuzer is written off.
Trattner seems to have waived the biannual rent and charged Mozart only with a far smaller fee of nine Cremnitzer Ducats (worth 4 fl 18 x apiece) for the three concerts in March 1784. What is unfortunately missing in Cloeter's partial transcription are the numbers concerning the payments of the other tenants. Cloeter's "20te[sic] do" makes no sense without the overall context. It would have been of essential value to know when exactly Richter and Fillenbaum became tenants of the hall and how much rent they paid exactly. Being overly focussed on Mozart, Cloeter was never up to the task of providing a basic and scholarly usable synopsis of the primary sources.
On 3 March 1784 Mozart wrote to his father [my translation]:
I have received your letter of February 24th. It is much better to send your letters always by mail. On Monday I received your letter which, if you had sent it through Peisser's shop, I would have received only on Tuesday or Wednesday. I have not yet received the concertos, but I shall ask at Artaria's about them at once. You must forgive that I don't write very much, but it is impossible to find time to do so, as I am giving three subscription concerts in Trattner's hall on the last three Wednesdays of Lent, beginning on March 17th, for which I already have a hundred subscribers and until then, shall easily get another thirty. The price for the three concerts is six gulden. I shall probably give two concerts in the theater this year. You may easily imagine that I must play some new works – therefore one must compose. The whole morning is dedicated to pupils and almost every evening I have to play. Below you will read a list of all the concerts at which I definitely have to play. But I must tell you quickly how it has come about that all of a sudden I am giving private concerts. The clavier virtuoso Richter is giving six Saturday concerts in the said hall. The nobility subscribed, but remarked that they really did not want to attend unless I played. So Richter asked me to play. I promised him to play three times, and then arranged three subscription concerts for myself, to which they all subscribed.
On 20 March 1784, Mozart sent his father the famous list of subscribers who paid an entrance fee of six gulden for three concerts at the Trattnerhof. In his commentary to this letter Joseph Heinz Eibl gives a number of 176 subscribers, but actually the list contains 174 people, yielding Mozart a gross profit of at least 1,044 gulden. The concerts, where Mozart played the concertos
K. 449,
450 and
451, took place on 17th, 24th, and 31st March 1784. Nothing is known about the other pieces that were certainly part of the three programs.
Mozart's letter of 20 March 1784 to his father with the list of subscribers. The first leaf of this letter appears to be missing (A-Wn, Autogr. 7/60-6).
Right below the list of subscribers Mozart writes:
Here you have the list of all my subscribers; I have 30 subscribers more than Richter and Fischer combined. The first concert
on the 17th went well; the hall was crammed full and the new
concerto which I played was very well received; wherever you go, people are praising this concert.
In a letter to his father on 10 April 1784 Mozart again addresses his three concerts at the Trattnerhof:
I beg you, don't be angry that I have not written for such a long time; you know how much I had to do in the meantime! My three subscription concerts brought me great honor. – My concert at the theater also went very well. [...] To tell the truth, I recently grew tired
of all the playing, and it gives me no small credit
that my audience never grew tired of it.
The assumption that Mozart's audience enjoyed the convenience of attending the Trattnerhof concerts sitting down, has led to the most amazing miscalculations regarding the actual number of attendees and the size of the hall in the Trattnerhof.
Marius Flothuis estimated the audience at about 400 people. Here is another example from the site mozartforum.com (which was recently demolished by Syrian hackers):
Finally, how big was this casino/concert hall? If one suspects that 9 rows of 20 chairs were set up for the audience (9 x 20 = 180), with each chair say 20 inches across, then each row might be 34 feet across. Leave 3 feet on either side for moving around gives us 40 feet across for each row. With a chair depth of 20" and needing say 18" legroom, each row has a depth of 3,2 feet; so 9 rows take up just under 30 feet. Again, leaving 3 feet in the back to move around means that an audience of 180 people would take up about 40' x 33'. Adding a 10% unsure factor makes for a final total of 44' X 36'. An orchestra of 30 people plus a piano won't take up too much more space on its own than that set aside for the audience, meaning that this concert hall, ex-chapel, soon to be casino, could come out to be 72' by 44'.
The fantastic estimate of 3,388 ft² (314,76 m²) for the size of the hall, resulting from the above calculation, seems more appropriate for a fairy-tale castle than for the Trattnerhof. The hall's actual size of barely 87 m² (936,46 ft²) and the high number of subscribers make it very clear, however, that a predominant part of Mozart's audience had to stand during the concerts. Some of the older and weaker attendees probably had a number of chairs at their disposal, but the "crammed hall" was filled with standing listeners. This fact also reflects on the possible length of these concerts. The performance of a piano concerto and the well-deserved intermission were probably followed by a symphony and an improvisation as an encore. It is a general phenomenon in the Mozart literature that the size of Mozart's private concert venues in Vienna has been vastly overestimated. The biggest room of Trattner's apartment on the building's second floor, where, according to a letter of 8 May 1784, Mozart also took part in a concert, had a size of 46,8 m². This size (like the hall in the Kaunitz palace at Freyung No. 120-21) was already above average. The concerts at the homes of Johann Michael Auernhammer (Stadt 428) and Gottfried Ignaz von Ployer (Stadt 756) took place in much smaller rooms.
Trattner's apartment in the Trattnerhof (bearing number 1) on the second floor ("1ste Stiege"). This apartment, facing the Graben, was the most luxurious in the building. Trattner's private concerts probably took place in the second room from the left. The hall ("Kapelle") is visible at the upper left corner (A-Wsa, Handschriften A 326).
Trattner's private concert in May 1784, which Mozart was referring to, did not take place in the hall which is apparent from Mozart's phrasing: "Ich muß nun im ersten Stock hinab zu einer Akademie zur Frau von Trattnern" ("Now I must go down to the second floor to Frau von Trattnern").
Ernest von Fillenbaum's Casino
On 21 July 1784, in the Wiener Zeitung, Ernest von Fillenbaum announced the opening of his Casino:
Opening of a Casino.
The casino for the nobility, people of character and other distinguished persons which was granted the highest permission, has been opened on the 20th of this month in the von Trattner Freyhof, at the fourth staircase on the second floor and will be open from 7:00 a.m. into the night, as long as interested gentlemen will enjoy honoring it with their presence. A free map is availaible at the enterprise and thosw who want to subscribe at the Casino, should deign to collect their tickets there.
That Fillenbaum's enterprise had already been running – albeit on a possibly smaller scale – in March 1784 is proved by a certificate of employment (A-Wstm, VKA SP, 254/1784) that Fillenbaum, in August of the same year, wrote for one of his waiters.
Certificate
By which I, the undersigned, certify thar Benedikt Kämerer, born in Franconia in Neustadt am Main, 31 years of age for the last five months has been employed by me as a waiter, and is also living at my quarters, and that during this time in everything has behaved to my fullest satisfaction, which I affirm with my own signature and seal. Issued in Vienna on 23 August 1784.
[L.S.] Ernest Edler von FillenbaumMp
Entrepreneur of the I. & R. privileged
Casino in Vienna in the v. Trattner Freyhof
on the second floor at the fourth staircase.
Fillenbaum's Casino evolved from the "Privilegiertes Wiener Lekturkabinett" (privileged Viennese reading room) that Trattner had already established in 1777 on the second floor beside the St. George's chapel. This reading room was open every working day (except holidays) from 8 a.m.until 8 p.m. and on Sundays from 10 p.m. until 6 p.m. Every three months, Trattner published an up-to-date catalog of all the books and journals that were available at his "Lekturkabinett". After the chapel had been closed, the adjoining four rooms and three small rooms were adapted into a public lounge for members of the upper class who in these rooms could enjoy all kinds of amenities and entertainment. In the Trattnerhof Casino
Frederick V, Landgrave of Hesse-Homburg, on 2 April 1789, made Mozart's acquaintance and noted down this meeting in his diary. Contrary to what is sometimes purported in the Mozart literature, this venue was relatively modest in size and had nothing to to with gambling. In his 1787 guide book
Wiens gegenwärtiger Zustand unter Josephs Regierung (p. 39f.),
Ignaz de Luca describes the Casino in the Trattnerhof as follows.
The Casino,
in Trattner's Freyhof on the Graben. The main entrance is in the Goldschmidtgasse at the second door to the right via a staircase. The casino is open at all times, not only to the high nobility, but also to all foreigners of distinction, officers of the I. & R. military, higher state officials, wholesalers, bankers, merchants, doctors, agents and the clergy. The daily admission is free. The casino opens every day at 8 a.m. and remains open into the night as long as visitors are present. Coffee, chocolate, punch etc. are available at the lowest price. The best German, French, Italian and English journals are available as well. Upon deposit of a set fee for cards or a gameboard, tables will be provided at the usual price for all permitted games, as well as billiards. One may dine at the Table ronde at 1 p.m. for 30 kreuzer and at 2 p.m. for one gulden. At night dinner is served at 9:30 p.m. for 20 kreuzer. Dining is possible alone or in groups at noon or in the evening. Drinks are paid extra. Instruments and music are provided free for musical dilettantes. The lighting at the music desk is free as well. A ball is held weekly during Carnival, and monthly throughout the whole year at the permitted times. Subscription for the balls is six ducats for the whole year, four ducats for half a year and one ducat for a month. Young ladies who want to attend the balls in the Casino have free admission, but they must pick up their tickets one day in advance. Those who are not subscribers of the casino pay one gulden each time for entry to the dancing hall. Gentlemen who are subscribed to the Casino enjoy the advantage of having dances, music, picnics and games arranged in the Casino. Groups of players must be announced to the manager six hours before the start of the game. Regarding picnics the announcement must always be made two days in advance. Mr. von Fillenbaum is the entrepreneur of this Casino.
By 1788, Fillenbaum not only was the renter of the hall, the adjoining rooms, and a spacious apartment, he also paid 120 gulden a year for a room and a larder on the fourth floor (right above the hall) where he probably housed some of his staff.
Fillenbaum's single room and larder on the fourth floor of the Trattnerhof (A-Wsa, Steueramt B34/3, fol. 463).
Ernest von Fillenbaum was born in 1753, son of the "k.k. Postmeister" Ignaz von Fillenbaum and his wife Elisabeth, née von Fuchs. Since his probate records
burned in 1927, it is not known for whom he worked as "herrschaftlicher Rechnungsführer" (lordship's accountant) at the time of his death on 13 February 1792 in
Vienna's General Hospital. His casino enterprise at the Trattnerhof cannot have been too successful, because when he died he was 7,200 gulden in debt.
The Trattnerhof on Joseph Daniel von Huber's plan of Vienna. The area on the far left, where Mozart's apartment was located, is slightly incorrect, because there is not enough space between the stable yard and the firewall towards the Schlossergassl. Note the small bell tower above the chapel. That the completed Trattnerhof appears on Huber's plan is proof that this plan cannot have been finished in 1773, as claimed by some local historians (W-Waw, Sammlung Woldan).
Conclusion
On 29 September 1784, Mozart left the Trattnerhof and moved into Joseph Camesina's house at Schulerstraße No. 846 where he paid an annual rent of 460 fl. for a big apartment, and enjoyed all the luxury which he had to forego in the Trattnerhof. Based on the primary sources, we come to the following conclusions.
- Mozart's two-room apartment in the Trattnerhof only had a size of 61 m² and was one of the smallest in the building.
- Mozart's main reason for moving into the Trattnerhof was the easy accessibility of the concert hall which ennabled him to make a relatively high profit within a short time.
- Mozart's close relationship to Trattner and his second wife, who was his piano pupil, reduced his rental expenses for the hall and made the composer's concert enterprise of spring 1784 even more successful. For a time of eight months, Mozart cut his rental expenses and housing space in favor of his financial profit. In 1784 Mozart showed the approach of a savvy businessman. He took all the right steps to establish the foundation of the prosperity he was to enjoy in the following years.
- Owing to the hall's relatively small size of 86,9 m², Mozart's 174 subscribers had to stand during the concerts. This also curtailed the lengths of the programs and makes all musings in the literature about "Mozart being accompanied by an orchestra of 30 musicians" completely untenable.
The earliest existing photograph of the Trattnerhof, taken in 1875 by Wilhelm J. Burger (A-Wn, WB 41B u. D)
The only known photograph that shows one of the railings of the balconies above the Trattnerhof's two main entrances with Trattner's initials "JTT" in the middle (from Portale von Wiener Profanbauten des XVII. und XVIII. Jahrhunderts, Anton Schroll, Vienna: 1894).
The second entrance of the Trattnerhof at Graben 29A in 1910. To get to his apartment from the Graben Mozart had to pass this door (A-Wn, L 25557 - B).
A photograph by August Stauda of the same entrance at Graben 29A (Wien Museum, I.N. 41945/3)
The Trattnerhof around 1910 (A-Wn, ST 2910F)
A view from the Goldschmiedgasse towards the Graben across the remains of the torn down Trattnerhof. The destruction of the building was begun in May 1911 (A-Wn, 97.452B).
The Sources
Seventy years ago, Hermine Cloeter was granted access to several valuable primary sources related to the Trattnerhof. These documents consisted of seven volumes of rental ledgers, covering the time from 1777 until 1861, the plans (for whose drawing up the foreman Johann Michael Anthofer in 1777 was paid 24 Austrian ducats), and the handwritten "Summarische Bau-Rechnung des Edlen von Trattnerischen Freyhofes in Wienn" (a complete account of the expenses in the course of the building's construction). As stated above, Cloeter probably could not directly consult the rental records which weigh about 20 lbs per volume, and, back then, were probably not located in Vienna, but in the Styrian town of
Frohnleiten. The owner of these sources was Baron Franz Mayr von
Melnhof (1888–1957), then head of the
Mayr-Melnhof company, which today is the world's leading producer of coated recycled carton. According to Cloeter, Mayr-Melnhof described himself as being "Trattner's great-grandson", but this is of course genealogically impossible. Franz Mayr von Melnhof was Johann Thomas von Trattner's great-great-great-great-grandson. His grandmother was Mathilde von Tinti
(1838–1900) whose mother, Baroness Maria Barbara von Lederer, née von
Trattnern (1806–1878), had been Johann Thomas von Trattner's
great-granddaughter.
In the early 1950s, Cloeter received an angry phone call from Mayr-Melnhof who accused her of having never returned the valuable "Bau-Rechnung" ledger. Cloeter was highly irritated and sent Mayr-Melnhof copies of the 23 photographs of the book that had been made in 1944. In 1955, Cloeter eventually found the receipt she had received in 1944 from a secretary of the publishing house of
Carl Ueberreuter, which proved that she had indeed returned the book to its owner.
The receipt of the Carl Ueberreuter publishing firm for the 1777 "Summarische Bau-Rechnung" of the Trattnerhof dated 5 June 1944 (A-Wst, ZPH 309)
The rental ledgers of the Trattnerhof were never accessible to Mozart scholars again. Concerning the volume that contains the 1784 Mozart entry, Deutsch writes in his 1961 edition of the
Dokumente: "Zinsbücher des Trattnerhofs, früher bei Franz Mayr-Melnhof, Wien. Seit Hermine Cloeter den Band III (17821790) für ihr Trattner-Buch (Wien 1952, S. 99 ff.) benutzt hat, ist es in Verstoß geraten." ("Rental ledgers of the Trattnerhof, once held by Franz Mayr-Melnhof, Vienna. Since Hermine Cloeter used vol. III for her book on Trattner, it is missing."). I do not know what efforts Deutsch actually undertook to locate the Trattnerhof rental records, but his statement seems rash and too pessimistic. In 2004, Anthofer's plans of the Trattnerhof and volumes V-VII of the rental ledgers (beginning in 1799) were donated to the
Municipal and Provincial Archives of Vienna. The fact that these documents actually survived into the twenty-first century makes it very unlikely that the remaining books are lost. Further research concerning the current owner of the still missing early volumes of the records was unfortunately forestalled by the archivist Dr. Michaela Laichmann who refused to disclose the identity of the donor of the extant material. Inquiries with the
Mayr-Melnhof-Saurau family in Frohnleiten (for which I am grateful to Dr. Hermann Zieseritsch) unfortunately yielded no positive result. The survival of the sources in the Vienna City Archive, however, still nourishes hope that the records concerning the first two decades of the Trattnerhof may be extant. The priceless handwritten "Bau-Rechnung" is lost. It only survives in form of the photographs that in the 1950s Hermine Cloeter sent to Frohnleiten. This photocopy of the original 1777 ledger was also donated to the Vienna City Archive.
The first page of the 1777 Bau=Rechnung of the Trattnerhof on one of the photographs that Hermine Cloeter had made in 1944 and sent to Franz Mayr von
Melnhof (A-Wsa, Handschriften A 322)
Cloeter also made a handwritten copy of the Bau
=Rechnung which survives in her partial estate (ZPH 309) in the autograph collection of the Wienbibliothek.
The title page of Hermine Cloeter's copy of the "Summarische Bau-Rechnung" of the Trattnerhof' (A-Wst, ZPH 309)
Five of Peter Mollner's original 1773 designs of the Trattnerhof (two groundplans and three elevations) are held by the
Niederösterreichisches Landesarchiv in St. Pölten, among the files called "Hofresolutionen und Berichtskonzepte in publicis" (A-SPnl, 43/07, Hofresolutionen und Berichtskonzepte, Bd. 7, 1770 Oktober Nr. 3) which are a part of the starkly reduced holdings of the "Theresianische Verwaltung". The plans belong to a submission by the City of Vienna to the Lower Austrian Government regarding a permission for Trattner to replace the Freysingerhof with a new building.
The seal of Johann Thomas von Trattner
© Dr. Michael Lorenz 2013. All rights reserved.
Updated: 17 August 2023
This blogpost is dedicated to the memory of my beloved friend and colleague Alison Jayne Dunlop. To paraphrase Haydn's words about Mozart: in 100 years musicology will not get such a talent again. Alison was a soulmate in countless fields. My life will never be the same again without her.
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